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991.
SNR-based multipath error correction for GPS differential phase 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Axelrad P. Comp C.J. Macdoran P.F. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1996,32(2):650-660
Carrier phase multipath is currently the limiting error source for high precision Global Positioning System (GPS) applications such as attitude determination and short baseline surveying. Multipath is the corruption of the direct GPS signal by one or more signals reflected from the local surroundings. Multipath reflections affect both the carrier phase measured by the receiver and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A technique is described which uses the SNR information to correct multipath errors in differential phase observations. The potential of the technique to reduce multipath to almost the level of receiver noise was demonstrated in simulations. The effectiveness on real data was demonstrated with controlled static experiments. Small errors remained, predominantly from high frequency multipath. The low frequency multipath was virtually eliminated. The remaining high frequency receiver noise can be easily removed by smoothing or Kalman filtering 相似文献
992.
A. Kontogeorgos P. Tsitsipis X. Moussas G. Preka-Papadema A. Hillaris C. Caroubalos C. Alissandrakis J.-L. Bougeret G. Dumas 《Space Science Reviews》2006,122(1-4):169-179
Fine structure of type IV radio solar bursts with a great variety and complexity often give much information in different
ways and enable estimation of various coronal characteristics. In this work, we expose our new method for fine structure revealing
and separation of two basic kinds of type IV fine structure, as fibers and pulsations. We also estimate frequency drift of
fibers from dynamic spectra, clean from continuous background, with a prototype method using 2-D Fourier transform and we
estimate periodicities of fibers as well as pulsations with continuous wavelet transform. Working with the last method we
found periodicities close to 3 min umbral oscillations and 5 min global solar oscillations. 相似文献
993.
Stephen P. Reynolds 《Space Science Reviews》2001,99(1-4):177-186
I review the observations of galactic synchrotron sources, focusing on shell supernova remnants (SNRs), with particular attention to attributes that constrain the properties of electron acceleration. Radio observations provide information on source fluxes, spectral index, morphology, and polarization. Recent observations give us strong reason to believe that several young SNRs show synchrotron X-ray emission. Even if X-rays are thermal, however, limits can be set on the maximum energy to which electrons can be accelerated without a spectral break, since no galactic SNR is observed to have X-ray emission (due to any source) as bright as the extrapolation from radio frequencies of radio synchrotron emission. If synchrotron X-rays are detected or inferred, their morphology and spectrum provide important information on mechanisms governing acceleration to the highest energies. I describe models of synchrotron emission from SNRs and their comparison with observations. Finally, I describe the tasks ahead for both observers and theoreticians, to make better use of what SNR synchrotron emission tells us about particle acceleration. 相似文献
994.
P. M. E. Décréau P. Fergeau V. Krannosels'kikh M. Lévêque Ph. Martin O. Randriamboarison F. X. Sené J. G. Trotignon P. Canu P. B. Mögensen 《Space Science Reviews》1997,79(1-2):157-193
The WHISPER sounder on the Cluster spacecraft is primarily designed to provide an absolute measurement of the total plasma density within the range 0.2–80 cm-3. This is achieved by means of a resonance sounding technique which has already proved successful in the regions to be explored. The wave analysis function of the instrument is provided by FFT calculation. Compared with the swept frequency wave analysis of previous sounders, this technique has several new capabilities. In particular, when used for natural wave measurements (which cover here the 2–80 kHz range), it offers a flexible trade-off between time and frequency resolutions. In the basic nominal operational mode, the density is measured every 28 s, the frequency and time resolution for the wave measurements are about 600 Hz and 2.2 s, respectively. Better resolutions can be obtained, especially when the spacecraft telemetry is in burst mode. Special attention has been paid to the coordination of WHISPER operations with the wave instruments, as well as with the low-energy particle counters. When operated from the multi-spacecraft Cluster, the WHISPER instrument is expected to contribute in particular to the study of plasma waves in the electron foreshock and solar wind, to investigations about small-scale structures via density and high-frequency emission signatures, and to the analysis of the non-thermal continuum in the magnetosphere. 相似文献
995.
Human factors aspects of flight simulation design at McDonnell Douglas are considered. Modeling approaches are examined and testing with pilots and cockpits is described. 相似文献
996.
We present a photometric study of the luminous early-type star Car. The star's secular brightness increase is due largely to the expansion of the Homunculus. Car is a LBV with a possible B0.5V companion. The combined effect of Balmer-line emission, and of warm and cold dust radiation explains the star's other light variations. 相似文献
997.
P Todd 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1994,14(8):121-124
Published observations on the response times following gravistimulation (horizontal positioning) of Chara rhizoids and developing roots of vascular plants with normal and "starchless" amyloplasts were reviewed and compared. Statolith motion was found to be consistent with gravitational sedimentation opposed by elastic deformation of an intracellular material. The time required for a statolith to sediment to equilibrium was calculated on the basis of its buoyant density and compared with observed sedimentation times. In the examples chosen, the response time following gravistimulation (from horizontal positioning to the return of downward growth) could be related to the statolith sedimentation time. Such a relationship implies that the transduction step is rapid in comparison with the perception step following gravistimulation of rhizoids and developing roots. 相似文献
998.
We present the observational results on chromospheric spicules obtained at the Sayan observatory 50 cm coronograph. To investigate the evolution of chromospheric spicules, we analysed spicule spectra of strong chromospheric lines measured simultaneously at three altitudes above the solar limb during 5–60 min with a time resolution of 10 to 20 s. The spatial resolution was better than 1, and the spectral resolution was 0.03Å in 6563Å. The appearance of a spicule at a given altitude is preceded by an sharp increase in line-of-sight velocity and/or in line half-width at a lower level. Generally, the evolution has a non-monotonous impulsive character. Changes of line-of-sight velocities and other parameters of the line profile can be represented as the superposition of slow, evolutionary changes and fluctuations with periods of about 80 to 120 s. The amplitude of line-of-sight velocity fluctuations is 2–3 km/sec and tends to increase with height. By studying the phase delays of the fluctuations at different heights, we found that the propagation velocity exceeds 300 km s–1, and that the disturbances do not necessarily propagate upwards. 相似文献
999.
M. Cabane P. Coll C. Szopa G. Israël F. Raulin R. Sternberg P. Mahaffy A. Person C. Rodier R. Navarro-Gonzlez H. Niemann D. Harpold W. Brinckerhoff 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,33(12):2240-2245
Observation of Mars shows signs of a past Earth-like climate, and, in that case, there is no objection to the possible development of life, in the underground or at the surface, as in the terrestrial primitive biosphere. Sample analysis at Mars (SAM) is an experiment which may be proposed for atmospheric, ground and underground in situ measurements. One of its goals is to bring direct or indirect information on the possibility for life to have developed on Mars, and to detect traces of past or present biological activity. With this aim, it focuses on the detection of organic molecules: volatile organics are extracted from the sample by simple heating, whereas refractory molecules are made analyzable (i.e. volatile), using derivatization technique or fragmentation by pyrolysis. Gaseous mixtures thus obtained are analyzed by gas chromatography associated to mass spectrometry. Beyond organics, carbonates and other salts are associated to the dense and moist atmosphere necessary to the development of life, and might have formed and accumulated in some places on Mars. They represent another target for SAM. Heating of the samples allows the analysis of structural gases of these minerals (CO2 from carbonates, etc.), enabling to identify them. We also show, in this paper, that it may be possible to discriminate between abiotic minerals, and minerals (shells, etc.) created by living organisms. 相似文献
1000.
W. Atwell P. Saganti F. A. Cucinotta C. J. Zeitlin 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,33(12):2219-2221
The 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft was launched towards Mars on April 7, 2001. Onboard the spacecraft is the Martian radiation environment experiment (MARIE), which is designed to measure the background radiation environment due to galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar protons in the 20–500 MeV/n energy range. We present an approach for developing a space radiation-shielding model of the spacecraft that includes the MARIE instrument in the current mapping phase orientation. A discussion is presented describing the development and methodology used to construct the shielding model. For a given GCR model environment, using the current MARIE shielding model and the high-energy particle transport codes, dose rate values are compared with MARIE measurements during the early mapping phase in Mars orbit. The results show good agreement between the model calculations and the MARIE measurements as presented for the March 2002 dataset. 相似文献